A lateral flow strip for on-site detection of homocysteine based on a truncated aptamer.

An elevated level of homocysteine (Hcy) in serum is closely related to the development of various diseases. Therefore, homocysteine has been widely employed as a biomarker in medical diagnosis and the on-site detection of homocysteine is highly desired. In this study, a truncated highly specific aptamer for homocysteine was screened and used to design a lateral flow strip (LFS) for the detection of homocysteine. The aptamer was derived from a previously reported sequence. Based on the result of molecular docking, the original sequence was subjected to truncation, resulting in a reduction of the length from 66 nt to 55 nt. Based on the truncated aptamer, the LFS was designed for the detection of homocysteine. In the presence of homocysteine, the aptamer selectively binds to it, releasing cDNA from the aptamer/cDNA duplex. This allows cDNA to bind to the capture probe immobilized on the T zone of the strip, resulting in a red signal on the T zone from gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The strip enables the visual detection of homocysteine in 5 min. Quantitative detection can be facilitated with the aid of ImageJ software. In this mode, the linear detection range for homocysteine is within 5-50 µM, with a detection limit of 4.18 µM. The strip has been effectively utilized for the detection of homocysteine in human serum. Consequently, the combination of the truncated aptamer and the strip offers a method that is sensitive, quick, and economical for the on-site detection of homocysteine.

Hyperhomocysteinemia as an Independent Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease. Comparison with Conventional Risk Factors / Hiper-homocisteinemia como fator de risco independente para doença coronariana: comparação com fatores de risco convencionais

The present study was designed to evaluate the strength of association of raised plasma homocysteine concentration as a risk factor for coronary heart disease independent of conventional risk factor. It was a case control study conducted at Punjab Institute of Cardiology Lahore. A total of 210 subjects aged 25 to 60 years comprising of 105 newly admitted patients of CHD as cases and 105 age and sex matched healthy individuals with no history of CHD as control were recruited for the study. Fasting blood samples were obtained from cases and controls. Plasma homocysteine was analyzed by fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) method on automated immunoassay analyzer (Abbott IMX). Total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL cholesterol were analyzed using calorimetric kit methods. The concentration of LDL cholesterol was calculated using Friedewald formula. The patients were also assessed for traditional risk factors such as age, sex, family history of CVD, hypertension, smoking and physical activity, and were compared with control subjects. The collected data was entered in SPSS version 24 for analysis and interpretation.The mean age in controls and experimental groups were 43.00± 8.42 years and 44.72± 8.59 years with statistically same distribution (p- value= 0.144). The mean plasma homocysteine for cases was 22.33± 9.22 µmol/L where as it was 12.59±3.73 µmol/L in control group. Highly significant difference was seen between the mean plasma level of homocysteine in cases and controls (p˂0.001).Simple logistic regression indicates a strong association of coronary heart disease with hyperhomocysteinemia (OR 7.45), which remained significantly associated with coronary heart disease by multivariate logistic regression (OR 7.10, 95%C1 3.12-12.83, p=0.000). The present study concludes that elevated levels of Plasma homocysteine is an independent risk factor [...].

O presente estudo foi desenhado para avaliar a força da associação da concentração elevada de homocisteína no plasma como um fator de risco para doença cardíaca coronária independente do fator de risco convencional. Foi um estudo de caso-controle realizado no Punjab Institute of Cardiology Lahore. Um total de 210 indivíduos com idade entre 25 e 60 anos, compreendendo 105 pacientes recém-admitidos de CHD como casos e 105 indivíduos saudáveis pareados por idade e sexo sem histórico de CHD como controle, foi recrutado para o estudo. Amostras de sangue em jejum foram obtidas de casos e controles. A homocisteína plasmática foi analisada pelo método de imunoensaio de polarização de fluorescência (FPIA) em analisador de imunoensaio automatizado (Abbott IMX). Colesterol total, triglicerídeos e colesterol HDL foram analisados usando métodos de kit calorimétrico. A concentração de colesterol LDL foi calculada pela fórmula de Friedewald. Os pacientes também foram avaliados para fatores de risco tradicionais, como idade, sexo, história familiar de DCV, hipertensão, tabagismo e atividade física, e foram comparados com indivíduos de controle. Os dados coletados foram inseridos no SPSS versão 24 para análise e interpretação. A média de idade nos grupos controles e experimentais foi de 43,00 ± 8,42 anos e 44,72 ± 8,59 anos com distribuição estatisticamente igual (p-valor = 0,144). A homocisteína plasmática média para os casos foi de 22,33 ± 9,22 µmol / L, enquanto no grupo controle foi de 12,59 ± 3,73 µmol / L. Diferença altamente significativa foi observada entre o nível plasmático médio de homocisteína em casos e controles (p ˂ 0,001). A regressão logística simples indica uma forte associação de doença cardíaca coronária com hiper-homocisteinemia (OR 7,45), que permaneceu significativamente associada com doença cardíaca coronária por multivariada regressão logística (OR 7,10, 95% C1 3,12-12,83, p = 0,000). O presente estudo conclui [...].

[Association of small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with H-type hypertension and MTHFR gene polymorphism].

To investigate the expression of small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (sdLDL-C) in patients with H-type hypertension and its association with H-type hypertension and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene polymorphisms. The retrospective study method was used,and a total of 207 hospitalized hypertensive patients (76 males and 131 females, aged 40-82 years, median age 66 years) admitted to the Zibo First Hospital from March 2021 to March 2022 were enrolled in this study. The levels of homocysteine (Hcy), sdLDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] were measured. The patients were divided into H-type hypertensive group (n=105, 40 males and 65 females) and non-H-type hypertensive group (n=102, 36 males and 66 females) according to Hcy levels. The C677T polymorphism of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) gene was detected in each group. Logistic regression analysis was performed for the related factors of H-type hypertension. The serum sdLDL-C levels were (0.92±0.31) and (0.65±0.28) mmol/L in H-type hypertension group and non-H-type hypertension group, respectively. The sdLDL-C levels in H-type hypertension group were significantly higher than those in non-H-type hypertension group (t=6.500, P<0.01). There was no significant difference in the serum sdLDL-C levels between males and females in H-type hypertension group (t=-1.543, P=0.129). The CC, CT, TT genotypes and C and T allele frequencies of MTHFR C677T in H-type hypertension group were significantly different from those in non-H-type hypertension group (P<0.05). The Hcy and sdLDL-C levels in different genotypes of MTHFR in H-type hypertension group were significantly different (H=12.742, P=0.002; F=3.345, P=0.042). Among them, Hcy levels were higher in TT genotype than in CT and CC genotypes, respectively (Z=-28.099, P=0.003; Z=-16.112, P=0.040), and sdLDL-C levels were higher in TT genotype than in CC genotype (t=-2.587, P=0.012). Logistic regression analysis showed that age, sdLDL-C, and MTHFRC677T TT genotypes were associated with the development for H-type hypertension. In conclusion, the level of sdLDL-C is associated with MTHFR gene polymorphisms and may be associated with the development of H-type hypertension.

Pleural homocysteine for malignant pleural effusion: A prospective and double-blind diagnostic test accuracy study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the accuracy of pleural fluid homocysteine for discriminating malignant pleural effusion (MPE) and benign pleural effusion (BPE). METHODS: A total of 194 patients from two cohorts (Hohhot and Changshu) with undiagnosed pleural effusion were prospectively enrolled. Their pleural homocysteine was measured, and its diagnostic accuracy and net benefit for MPE were analyzed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and decision curve analysis, respectively. RESULTS: In the Hohhot cohort (n = 136) and the Changshu cohort (n = 58), MPE patients had significantly higher homocysteine levels than BPE patients. The areas under the ROC curves of homocysteine for the diagnosis of MPE were 0.61 (p = 0.027) and 0.59 (p = 0.247), respectively. The decision curves of homocysteine were close to the reference line in both the Hohhot cohort and the Changshu cohort. CONCLUSION: The diagnostic accuracy of pleural fluid homocysteine for MPE was low.

A simple lysosome-targeted fluorescent probe based on flavonoid for detection of cysteine in living cells.

Cysteine (Cys) is one of the most important biothiols that plays a crucial role in many physiological and pathological processes, and therefore it is of great importance to detect and analyze Cys in subcellular environments, such as in lysosomes. However, only a few fluorescent probes were reported to be capable of detecting Cys in lysosomes selectively. In this wok, we designed and developed a simple, accessible flavone-based fluorescent probe LFA for detecting Cys in lysosomes. Morpholine was employed as the targeting unit for lysosome, and acrylate group was chosen as the Cys-response unit. The probe was easily prepared by a two-step procedure and displayed large Stokes shift, high sensitivity, turn-on response toward Cys over homocysteine (Hcy), glutathione (GSH), and other amino acids. With low cytotoxicity and good cell permeability, the probe could be successfully applied for fluorescence imaging of Cys in living cells. Furthermore, colocalization experiment revealed that lysosomal-targetable ability of LFA was significant. These results indicated that such simple fluorescent probe could provide a promising tool for detection of lysosomal Cys in living biological systems.

An indanone-based fluorescent probe for detection and imaging of Cys/Hcy in living cells.

Effective detection of Cys and Hcy plays an important role in the diagnosis of diseases. In this work, a novel indanone-based fluorescent probe INIAc-CN for sensitively and effectively detecting Cys and Hcy was developed. The probe exhibited weak fluorescence, but obvious fluorescent enhancement after reacted with Cys/Hcy. Moreover, the good anti-interference and low cytotoxicity of the probe made it successfully applied for monitoring Cys and Hcy of in living cells.

[Establishment of a method for detection of thiols in seminal plasma and its application in patients with hyperuricemia].

OBJECTIVE: To establish a method of reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence (UPLC-FL) detection for simultaneous determination of homocysteine (Hcy), cysteine (Cys), cysteine glycine (CysGly) and glutathione (GSH) and analysis of the contents of the four thiols in the seminal plasma of normal men and patients with hyperuricemia (HUA). METHODS: Seminal plasma samples were collected from 30 normal sperm donors and 30 HUA patients and reduced with tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine hydrochloride. Then, the samples were subjected to protein precipitation with trichloroacetic acid solution, derivative reaction with 7-fluorobenzofuran-4-sulfate and isolation with a C18 column, with 0.025 mol/L KH2PO4 (pH 3.0) for mobile phase A and pure methanol for B, followed by equal gradient elution with an excitation wavelength of 380 nm and an emission wavelength of 510 nm. RESULTS: The correlation coefficients (R2) of the four thiols all exceeded 0.999, with an average recovery rate of 94.23－107.87%. Compared with the normal sperm donors, the HUA patients showed significantly increased contents of Cys (ï¼»108.01 ± 48.03ï¼½ vs ï¼»250.10 ± 55.87ï¼½ µmol/L, P < 0.05), Hcy (ï¼»113.97 ± 6.32ï¼½ vs ï¼»48.35 ± 15.07ï¼½ µmol/L, P < 0.05), and GSH (ï¼»3.15 ± 1.48ï¼½ vs ï¼»4.63 ± 1.17ï¼½ µmol/L, P < 0.05), but a decreased level of CysGly (ï¼»12.79 ± 3.18ï¼½ vs ï¼»5.94 ± 0.99ï¼½ µmol/L, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The method of reversed-phase UPLC-FL detection established in this study has made it possible simultaneous detection of Hcy, Cys, CysGly and GSH in the seminal plasma, which is applicable to laboratory research and clinical routine examination. Patients with hyperuricemia may incur oxidative damage to the reproductive system.

A quantitative method for the assessment of homocysteine thiolactonase enzyme activity.

This assay elucidates an accurate, simple, and precise protocol to quantify the activity of homocysteine thiolactonase (HTase). To establish HTase activity, the enzyme samples were incubated with a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) buffer, which contained suitable concentrations of the homocysteine thiolactone as a substrate. To stop the enzyme's reaction, the CUPRAC reagent (Cu(Nc)22+) was added after a suitable incubation time. The reduction of Cu(II)-neocuproine complex (Cu(Nc)22+) to highly coloured Cu(I)-neocuproine complex (Cu(Nc)2+) by the produced homocysteine was quantified spectrophotometrically at 450 nm (CUPRAC method). The increase in the absorbance of the coloured Cu(I)-neocuproine complex (Cu(Nc)2+) was correlated directly to the activity of HTase. ANOVA analysis was utilised to validate the new method against homocysteine thiolactonase activity using the H+ ions liberating method in matched samples. In conclusion, according to the obtained correlation coefficient (0.9995) from the comparison of the current method with the reference method, the current method is effective in assay HTase activity with high reliability.

Alteration of intrapancreatic serotonin, homocysteine, TNF-α, and NGF levels as predisposing factors for diabetes following exposure to 900-MHz waves.

Exposure to mobile phone radiation causes deleterious health effects on biological systems. The objects of this study were to investigate the effect of 900-MHz radiofrequency waves (RFW) emitted from base transceiver station antenna on intrapancreatic homocysteine (Hcy), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and nerve growth factor (NGF) as predisposing factors involved in pancreatic beta cell damage. Thirty male rats (Sprague-Dawley, 200 ± 10 g) were randomly divided into the control (without any exposure) and exposed groups: short time (2 h/day), long time (4 h/day), and exposed to 900-MHz RFW for 30 consecutive days. On the last days of the experiment, animals were killed and pancreas tissue was dissected out for evaluation of serotonin, Hcy, TNF-α, and NGF. There was a significant decrease in the serotonin and NGF levels in the pancreatic tissue of exposed groups compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Also, the levels of serotonin and NGF in the long-time exposure were significantly lower than the short-time exposure (p < 0.05). However, levels of Hcy and TNF-α were significantly increased in the pancreas of exposed groups compared to the control groups (p < 0.05). Exposure to 900-MHz RFW decreased pancreatic NGF and serotonin levels and increased the proinflammatory markers (Hcy and TNF-α), which can be a predisposing factor for type 2 diabetes.

Nanozyme based on graphene oxide modified with Fe3O4, CuO, and cucurbit[6]uril for colorimetric determination of homocysteine.

A nanozyme based on graphene oxide modified with Fe3O4 NPs, CuO NPs, and cucurbit[6]uril has been successfully fabricated by a simple sonochemical technique. By employing CB[6] as a specific binding pocket and Fe3O4@CuO-GO as a peroxidase mimic, this novel nanozyme (BN I) is equipped with molecular recognition ability and enhanced peroxidase-like activity. On the basis of the inhibition effect of homocysteine (Hcy) towards the oxidation of 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) catalyzed by BN I, a simple colorimetric method is established for the sensitive and selective determination of Hcy. This proposed method displays a good linear response in the range 5-200 µM with a detection limit of 1.8 µM. In the practical assay of human plasma samples, the relative standard deviations (RSD) are lower than 11% and the recoveries are between 98.0 and 104.9%. In the assay of human urine samples, the RSD are below 9.0% and the recoveries range from 94.0 to 103.5%. The colorimetric method presented offers a convenient and accurate way for the determination of biomarkers in point-of-care testing (POCT).

Colorimetric detection of homocysteine by a pyridylazo dye-based Cu2+ complex via indicator displacement mechanism.

A BrPAPS based Cu2+ complex has been developed as a colorimetric probe for the selective recognition of homocysteine (Hcy) over cysteine (Cys) and glutathione (GSH) in an aqueous solution via the indicator displacement assay. BrPAPS formed a complex with Cu2+ in a 1:1 ratio (BrPAPS-Cu2+) accompanied by the color change from yellow to red. Detecting Hcy is based on high affinity of Hcy for Cu2+. The addition of Hcy to BrPAPS-Cu2+ caused the complex formation of Hcy with Cu2+ in a 2:1 stoichiometry, resulting a hypsochromic shift with change back of color from red to yellow by the release of BrPAPS from BrPAPS-Cu2+. The absorption response is linear with the Hcy concentration in the range of 0-20 µM with a detection limit of 1.46 µM. Moreover, the detection of Hcy was not significantly affected by other amino acids from the competition experiments. Thus, BrPAPS-Cu2+ can be used as a simple probe for Hcy in aqueous solution.

The association between levels of serum homocysteine and chronic heart failure: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Homocysteine (Hcy) is one of the main factors leading to arteriosclerosis, which is closely related to cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have found that serum Hcy levels are increased in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), and it is speculated that Hcy may be a risk factor for CHF, but evidence-based medicine evidence is lacking. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between serum Hcy levels and CHF by means of systematic review. METHODS: The databases of PubMed, Embase, The Cochrance Library, Web of Science, CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure), VIP (China Science and Technology Journal Database), Wanfang and China Biology Medicine disc were searched by computer. In addition, Baidu Scholar and Google Scholar were manually searched to collect all case-control studies related to serum Hcy and CHF. The search time limit was from database establishment to November 2020. Two reviewers independently screened the literatures, extracted the data and evaluated the risk of bias of the included literatures. RESULTS: In this study, we evaluated the correlation between serum Hcy levels and CHF by the levels of serum Hcy in CHF patients and non-CHF patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study will provide reliable evidence for the clinical value of serum Hcy in the field of CHF disease. OSF REGISTRATION NUMBER: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/QMPRC.

A Turn-on Fluorescent Probe for the Discrimination of Cys/Hcy and GSH With Dual Emission Signals.

In this paper, we successfully synthesized a simple and versatile fluorescent probe. This probe was not only easily prepared with a high yield, but also showed rapid selective and sensitive responses for Cys/Hcy and GSH. The probe can be used as a naked-eye detector for Cys/Hcy and GSH from other analytes. As a fluorescent sensor, it can be used to simultaneously detect and discriminate Cys/Hcy from GSH with two fluorescent emission signals without spectral crosstalk.

A Cross-sectional Study on the Relationship Between Homocysteine and Lipid Profiles Among Chinese Population from Hunan.

Previous studies have explored the relationship between homocystein (Hcy) and lipid profiles. However, the results from these studies have been inconsistent. The current study investigated the correlation between Hcy and lipid profiles in Chinese community-based population. The participants were composed of 4012 Chinese people aged 30-92 years old, who were recruited from rural and urban communities in the Hunan Province. Non-parametric test and logistic regression were used to examine the distribution of Hcy and lipid profiles (triglyceride [TG], total cholesterol [TC], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL-C], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C]) and the relationship between them. The median age of subjects was 54.50 years old, and 40.98% were male. Median Hcy was 13.20 µmol/L, and 35.39% had hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy). Median TG was 1.51 mmol/L, TC was 4.77 mmol/L, LDL-C was 2.62 mmol/L, and HDL-C was 1.27 mmol/L. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, HHcy was associated with high levels of TG (ORmale = 2.240, p < 0.001; ORfemale = 2.539, p < 0.001), TC (ORmale = 2.237, p < 0.001; ORfemale = 2.202, p < 0.001), and LDL-C (ORmale = 1.413, p = 0.010; ORfemale = 1.617, p < 0.001) in the different sexes population and low level of HDL-C in females (OR = 1.326, p = 0.023) after adjusting for confounders. HHcy was independently associated with an increasing risk of low HDL-C among females. The regression analysis showed that HHcy was also associated with hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and high level of LDL-C in males and females from Chinese community-based population, which provides a basis for the treatment and prevention of abnormal lipid metabolism.

Concentrations of homocysteine in follicular fluid and embryo quality and oocyte maturity in infertile women: a prospective cohort.

Homocysteine is one of the components of follicular fluid (FF), so that any disruptions in its concentration may affect oocyte development. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between FF homocysteine concentration and embryo quality, oocyte maturity, and pregnancy rate. Oocytes and embryos of 44 infertile women were categorised into different groups based on their maturity and quality, respectively. FF homocysteine levels, oocyte maturity, embryo quality, and pregnancy status were measured. A significant association was observed between the levels of FF homocysteine ​and oocyte maturation rate (p = .00). The concentration of FF homocysteine was higher than 9.8 µm/L in women with oocyte maturation < 80%. Most of the good quality embryos belonged to homocysteine levels < 9.8 µm/L. Decreased FF homocysteine concentrations can significantly improve the oocyte maturation rate and embryo quality. Aging may be an indirect factor contributing to decreased embryo quality and oocyte maturation through increasing FF homocysteine levels.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? It has been demonstrated that homocysteine is one of the components of follicular fluid (FF), but no information is available about the link between its concentration in FF and oocyte development.What do the results of this study add? The data indicated that decreased FF homocysteine concentrations at a younger age may remarkably improve the oocyte maturity and embryo quality of infertile patients undergoing assisted reproductive treatment (ART).What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Based on the findings and considering the ease of measuring serum homocysteine and its direct correlation with FF homocysteine, homocysteine level measurement is recommended in patients who are candidates for infertility treatment in order to estimate oocyte maturation rate, embryo quality, and ART outcomes. Future studies are suggested to investigate patients with PCOS, endometriosis, and male factor infertility.

Association of homocysteine with ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background: Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Current findings regarding plasma/serum homocysteine (HCY) levels in AS patients are inconsistent. This study aims to systematically evaluate the association between circulating HCY levels and AS. Methods: Online electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, ScienceDirect, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang data) were used to retrieve all relevant articles published up to May 7, 2020. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using the random-effect model, Stata16 software. Results: Nine articles containing 778 AS patients and 522 controls were included in this meta-analysis. No significant differences in HCY levels were found between AS and control groups (pooled SMD = 0.46, 95% CI = − 0.30 to 1.23, P = 0.23). However, subgroup analysis suggested that HCY levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the AS group treated with methotrexate (MTX) compared with the control group. In contrast, HCY levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the AS group receiving anti-TNF-α treatment compared with the control group. No significant differences were detected between HCY levels and disease activity scores (Bath AS disease activity index, BASDAI), and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T genotype. Conclusion: This meta-analysis indicates that HCY levels are similar between AS and controls, and do not correlate with disease activity. However, different medical treatments cause fluctuations of circulating HCY levels in AS patients. Further and larger-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings. Trial registration: This study was registered at international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO), registration number: CRD42020184426.(AU)

Multiple Micronutrients, Lutein, and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation during Lactation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Breastfed infants require an adequate supply of critical nutrients for growth, tissue functions, and health. Recommended intakes for several nutrients are considerably higher in lactating than non-lactating women but are not always met with habitual diets. We report a randomized, double-blind clinical trial in 70 healthy lactating women in Germany evaluating the effects of supplementation with multiple micronutrients, lutein, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) compared to placebo on maternal nutrient status and milk composition. The primary endpoint was the effect on the change of human milk DHA content (as a proportion of total milk fatty acids) during 12 weeks of supplementation. Maternal blood and milk biomarkers were measured as secondary endpoints. Supplementation increased maternal milk DHA by 30% compared to a decline in the placebo group. Supplementation also increased maternal blood DHA (17%), eicosapentaenoic acid (4%), 25-OH-vitamin D (24%), vitamin B12 (12%), lutein (4%), and beta carotene (49%), while homocysteine decreased. No significant difference in the number of adverse events was observed between supplementation and placebo groups. In conclusion, multi-micronutrient supplementation was safe and increased maternal blood and milk concentrations of selected nutrients in healthy women.

Vascular, inflammatory and metabolic risk factors in relation to dementia in Parkinson's disease patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

There are limited data on vascular, inflammatory, metabolic risk factors of dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD) with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (PD-DM). In a study of 928 subjects comprising of 215 PD with DM (including 31 PD-DM with dementia, PD-DMD), 341 PD without DM (including 31 PD with dementia, PDD) and 372 DM without PD (including 35 DM with dementia, DMD) patients, we investigated if vascular, inflammatory, metabolic, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers were associated with dementia in PD-DM. Lower fasting blood glucose (FBG<5mmol/L, OR=4.380; 95%CI: 1.748-10.975; p=0.002), higher homocysteine (HCY>15µmol/L, OR=3.131; 95%CI: 1.243-7.888; p=0.015) and hyperlipidemia (OR=3.075; 95%CI: 1.142-8.277; p=0.026), increased age (OR=1.043; 95%CI: 1.003-1.084; p=0.034) were the most significant risk factors in PDD patients. Lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C<2mmol/L, OR=4.499; 95%CI: 1.568-12.909; p=0.005) and higher fibrinogen (>4g/L, OR=4.066; 95%CI: 1.467-11.274; p=0.007) were the most significant risk factors in PD-DMD patients. The area under the curve (AUC) for fibrinogen and LDL-C was 0.717 (P=0.001), with a sensitivity of 80.0% for the prediction of PD-DMD.In summary, we identified several factors including LDL-C and fibrinogen as significant risk factors for PD-DMD and these may have prognostic and treatment implications.